This classic work explores the vast differences between oral and literate cultures and offers a brilliantly lucid account of the intellectual, literary and social effects of writing, print and electronic technology. The 3rd edition sees the addition of a short preface, further reading section, and essay-style afterword focusing on how orality and literacy has changed in relation to modern media, and how the idea of the 'evolution of consciousness' can be taken up anew in the light of recent work, from John Hartley.