Mirza Malkum Khan: A Pioneer of Iranian Modernism offers an in-depth exploration of one of the most intriguing and controversial figures of 19th-century Iranian history. Hailed by some as a progenitor of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and dismissed by others as a manipulative opportunist, Malkum Khan's multifaceted career encapsulates the complexities of Qajar-era Iran. This study delves into his work as a reformist thinker, political agitator, journalist, and diplomat, revealing how he fused European Enlightenment ideals with the political realities of his time. By utilizing religion as a utilitarian tool rather than a matter of personal conviction, Malkum Khan crafted a pragmatic approach to modernization, offering insights into the broader tensions between tradition and progress in the Islamic world. The book places Malkum Khan's life within the broader intellectual and political currents of 19th-century Iran, comparing his strategies and ideas to contemporaries like Sayyid Jamal ud-Din Asadabadi (Afghani). It critically examines his manipulation of religious themes to promote reform and his role in introducing ideological motifs that would resonate throughout Iran's modern history. Beyond his intellectual contributions, the study explores Malkum's colorful career in freemasonry, concession negotiations, and diplomacy, framing him as a symbol of the contradictions and possibilities of Iran's Qajar era. With this biography, H. A. not only provides a nuanced portrait of Malkum Khan but also enriches the understanding of Iranian modernism's roots and its lasting impact on the nation's trajectory. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1973.