The Noigandres group was one of the key movements in Brazilian modernism. Bessa's account works through the specific poetic innovations that are the hallmark of the concrete poetics the group developed. These include their unprecedented reevaluation of Brazilian literary history, their distinctive exploration of graphic space inspired by emerging studies on cybernetics, and their embrace of a range of Modernist traditions, from Mallarmé's vision of poetry as a constellation of words, to Joyce's concept of the "verbivocovisual," to Pound's writings about the Chinese ideogram. Bessa's account begins with the core traits of concrete poetry developed by the Noigandres poets throughout the 1950s (the so-called "heroic phase" of concretism) and continues to the poetic experiments the group undertook after the military coup of 1964 in Brazil. The book concludes with translations of key primary texts: essays by the poets Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari and Haroldo de Campos and correspondence between the three poets and Ezra Pound.