This open access book presents innovative and international research critically examining the effects of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) implementation on Indigenous and local peoples and linguistic minorities in the Arctic - and elsewhere, with a comparative focus. It includes anthropological studies and authors from different social and human sciences who engage synergistically with anthropological research. The volume presents knowledge that has been produced together with Indigenous communities and individuals. Its practical goal is to contribute critical knowledge to inform global environmental governance in order to fulfill better its purpose of increasing sustainable use of nature while improving the implementation of Indigenous rights and wellbeing.